Ovaries Conditions – Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

The ovaries are a pair of small, almond-shaped reproductive organs located on either side of the uterus. They play a crucial role in female fertility, hormone production, ovulation, and menstrual cycle regulation. The ovaries produce:

• Eggs (ova) for reproduction
• Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Any disorder affecting the ovaries can lead to irregular periods, hormonal imbalance, infertility, pelvic pain, and even cancer. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can preserve fertility and protect overall women’s health.

Below are the major ovarian disorders explained in detail:

1. Ovarian Cysts

What are Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovary. Many cysts are harmless and disappear on their own, but some may grow large and cause symptoms or complications.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

• Functional cysts (most common)
• Dermoid cysts
• Endometriotic cysts (Endometriomas)
• Polycystic ovaries (PCOS-related)

Symptoms

• Lower abdominal pain
• Irregular periods
• Pain during intercourse
• Bloating or heaviness
• Sudden severe pain (if cyst ruptures or twists)
• Difficulty in conceiving

Causes

• Hormonal imbalance
• PCOS
• Endometriosis
• Pregnancy
• Previous ovarian cysts

Diagnosis

• Pelvic ultrasound
• MRI scan
• Hormone blood tests

Treatment

• Observation for small cysts
• Hormonal medicines
• Laparoscopic ovarian cyst removal surgery
• Emergency surgery for ruptured or twisted cysts

2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

What is PCOS?

PCOS is a common hormonal disorder where ovaries contain multiple small immature follicles and fail to release eggs regularly.

Symptoms

• Irregular or absent periods
• Excessive facial & body hair
• Acne
• Weight gain
• Difficulty in conceiving
• Hair thinning

Causes & Risk Factors

• Hormonal imbalance
• Insulin resistance
• Obesity
• Family history

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound showing polycystic ovaries
• Hormone tests
• Blood sugar & lipid profile

Treatment

• Lifestyle & weight management
• Hormonal medicines
• Ovulation induction
• Fertility treatments like IUI/IVF if needed

3. Endometriomas (Chocolate Cysts)

What are Endometriomas?

These are ovarian cysts filled with old blood, commonly associated with endometriosis.

Symptoms

• Severe menstrual pain
• Pain during intercourse
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Infertility

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound
• MRI scan

Treatment

• Hormonal medicines
• Laparoscopic removal of endometriotic cysts
• Fertility treatment if required

4. Ovarian Torsion

What is Ovarian Torsion?

A medical emergency where the ovary twists around its blood supply, leading to severe pain and tissue damage if untreated.

Symptoms

• Sudden severe lower abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever (late stage)

Treatment

• Emergency laparoscopic surgery to untwist or remove the ovary

5. Ovarian Failure (Premature Ovarian Insufficiency)

What is Ovarian Failure?

A condition where the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40 years, leading to early menopause.

Symptoms

• Missed periods
• Hot flashes
• Vaginal dryness
• Infertility
• Mood changes

Causes

• Genetic disorders
• Autoimmune diseases
• Chemotherapy or radiation
• Idiopathic (unknown cause)

Treatment

• Hormone replacement therapy
• Fertility preservation counseling
• IVF with donor eggs if necessary

6. Ovarian Infections (Oophoritis)

What is Oophoritis?

Infection of the ovary due to bacterial spread from uterus or fallopian tubes.

Symptoms

• Fever
• Lower abdominal pain
• Vaginal discharge
• Weakness

Treatment

• Antibiotic therapy
• Hospital treatment in severe infections

7. Ovarian Tumors & Ovarian Cancer

What is Ovarian Cancer?

A serious condition where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the ovaries. Often diagnosed late due to vague symptoms.

Risk Factors

• Increasing age
• Family history of cancer
• Genetic mutations (BRCA genes)
• Endometriosis
• Infertility treatment history

Symptoms

• Persistent bloating
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Frequent urination
• Menstrual irregularities

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound
• CT / MRI scan
• Tumor marker blood tests (CA-125)
• Biopsy

Treatment

• Ovarian cancer surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy

Tests for Ovarian Diseases

• Pelvic Ultrasound
• Doppler Scan
• MRI & CT Scan
• Hormonal Blood Tests
• Tumor Marker Tests
• Laparoscopy

When Should You Consult a Gynaecologist Immediately?

• Severe lower abdominal pain
• Irregular or absent periods
• Difficulty in conceiving
• Rapid weight gain & hair growth
• Sudden bloating
• Persistent pelvic pain

Early Detection Can:

✅ Save the ovaries ✅ Preserve fertility ✅ Prevent cancer spread ✅ Avoid emergency surgeries ✅ Balance hormones naturally

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